Compositions comprising thymoquinone and omega-3 fatty acids

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a composition comprising a synergistic combination of thymoquinone and one or more omega-3 fatty acids, wherein the molar ratio between said thymoquinone and said one or more omega-3 fatty acids is at least 1:7. The present invention also provides a method of using said composition to treat or prevent inflammatory conditions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Black Cumin (BC) and Thymoquinone (TQ)

Nigella sativa, commonly known as black cumin (BC), is an annualflowering plant native to Mediterranean countries. Its seed oil had beenused in traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of arthritis, lungdiseases and hypercholesterolemia immune, inflammation and skin disease.The BC products have been used orally and topically, and clinicalstudies have shown chat the biological activity of Nigella sativa seedsis mainly attributed to its main essential oil component, thymoquinone(TQ):

TQ has been investigated for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory andanticancer activities in both in vitro and in vivo models. Itsanti-oxidant/anti-inflammatory effect has been reported in variousdisease models, including encephalomyelitis, diabetes, asthma andcarcinogenesis. The anticancer effect(s) of TQ are mediated throughdifferent modes of action, including antiproliferation, apoptosisinduction and other modes of action.

Omega 3

The essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) comprise 2 mainclasses: n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. The most common source of n-6 fattyacids is linoleic acid (LA), which is found in high concentrations invarious vegetable oils. Arachidonic acid (AA), the 20-carbon n-6 fattyacid, is obtained largely by synthesis from LA in the body.

Omega-3 fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids. They areessential to human health but cannot be manufactured by the body. Forthis reason, omega-3 fatty adds must be obtained from food. Omega-3fatty acids can be found in fish, such as salmon, tuna, and halibut,other marine life such as algae and krill, certain plants (includingpurslane), and nut oils. Omega-3 fatty acids play a crucial role inbrain function as well as normal growth and development. There are threemajor types of omega 3 fatty acids that are ingested in foods and usedby the body: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Once ingested, the body converts ALA toEPA and DHA, the two types of omega-3 fatty acids more readily used bythe body.

Both n-3 and n-6 fatty acids are incorporated into cellular phospholipidmembranes, where they serve as precursors to the production ofeicosanoids, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes.Eicosanoid metabolites of n-3 fatty acids are less atherogenic,proinflammatory, and vasoconstrictive than are the eicosanoids from n-6fatty acids. For example, prostaglandin E₂, thromboxane A₂, andleukotriene B₄ are derived from AA by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenaseenzymes and are well-described mediators of platelet aggregation, immuneresponse, and vasoreactivity. Conversely, EPA is metabolized bycyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase to prostaglandin E₃ and leukotriene B₅,which are lesser promoters of platelet aggregation and immunereactivity. Omega 3 fatty acids in dietary fish oil are reported to haveanti-inflammatory and anti-thrombogenic and anti-arrhythmic effects inhumans. Fish oil significantly diminishes the production andeffectiveness of various prostaglandins, naturally occurringhormone-like substances that can accentuate inflammation and thrombosis.

Dietary fish oil causes its prostaglandin-lowering effects through threedifferent mechanisms: firstly, much fewer prostaglandins are made in thebody from omega 3 fatty acids as compared to the other class of fattyacids, the omega 6 family of fatty acids that originate in the diet fromleafy vegetables and other plant sources. Secondly, the omega 3 fattyacids compete with omega 6 fatty acids for the same binding site on theCOX 1 enzyme that converts the omega 6 fatty acids to prostaglandin(which is why the COX 1 enzyme and its COX 2 cousin are the targets ofanti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen). The more omega 3 fatty acidspresent to block the binding sites, the fewer omega 6 fatty acids areable to be convened to prostaglandin. Thirdly, although omega 3 fattyacids are also converted to prostaglandins, the prostaglandins formedfrom omega 3 are generally 2 to 50 times less active than those formedfrom the omega 6 fatty acids from dietary plants. Omega-3 fatty acidsare commercially available as prescription drugs in the US under thetrademark Lovaza and in Europe and elsewhere as Omacor. Lovaza ispredominantly a mixture of ethyl esters of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA—approximately 46.5 mg) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA—approximately375 mg), each capsule containing at least 900 mg of omega-3 fatty acids.

3,3′-Diindolylmethane (DIM)

DIM is a naturally occurring compound found in cruciferous vegetables(Brassicaceae) like broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage. Brussels sprouts andkale. It has a molecular weight of 246 and is pale yellow in crystallineform. The purified compound does not have any taste.

DIM is a compound derived from the digestion of indole-3-carbinol, foundprimarily in the above-mentioned vegetables. The biological effects ofDIM are depicted in the chart presented in FIG. 1 .

Due to its various potent anti-cancer properties, the US National CancerInstitute has begun clinical trials of DIM as a therapeutic agent fornumerous forms of cancer.

Furthermore, due to its innate immune modulating properties(potentiation of interferon-gamma receptors and production), DIM is alsobeing investigated as a possible treatment for a variety of viralinfections and antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is an autolysis product of glucosinolate presentin Brassica plants such as turnips, kale, broccoli, cabbage. Brusselssprouts, and cauliflower. It has been shown to be protective againstseveral cancers. When I3C is exposed to gastric acid, it is converted tomany self-condensation products, among which 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM)is the major product. DIM was readily detected in the liver and feces ofrodents fed I3C, whereas the original I3C was not detected in theseanimals. In addition, DIM is gradually formed from I3C in cell cultureat a neutral pH over extended incubation periods. Furthermore, it hasbeen reported that in women who underwent a phase I trial, I3C itselfwas not detectable in plasma after I3C administration and that the onlydetectable I3C-derived product was DIM. These results suggest that DIM,not I3C, may mediate the observed physiological effects of dietary I3C.

Although many substances—both manufactured pharmaceuticals and productsof nature—have been found to possess anti-inflammatory properties, aneed still exists for therapeutic compositions having higher efficacyand potency and lower adverse effects than existing treatment regimes.The present invention meets this need.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is primarily directed to a composition comprisinga combination of TQ and one or more omega-3 fatty acids, wherein themolar ratio between said TQ and said one or more omega-3 fatty acids isat least 1:7.

It is to be noted that the term ‘composition’ as used herein refers toany physical form that may be administered to human and non-humanspecies, including (but not limited to) pharmaceutical dosage forms,foodstuffs and beverages, additives and supplements for foodstuffs andbeverages, and nutraceuticals.

For the purposes of the composition of the present invention, theomega-3 fatty acids are generally present in the form of free fattyacids, ethyl esters, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments,however, the omega-3 fatty acids may be present in the forms oftriglycerides and/or phospholipids.

Preferably, the molar ratio between TQ and the omega-3 fatty acids inthe presently-disclosed composition is in the range of 1:7-1:200.

In some cases, the molar ratio between TQ and the omega-3 fatty acids isin the range of 1:7-1:150.

In other embodiments, the molar ratio between TQ and the omega-3 fattyacids is in the range of 1:7-1:140.

In still further embodiments, the molar ratio between TQ and the omega-3fatty acids is in the range of 1:7-1:70

In other embodiments, the molar ratio between TQ and the omega-3 fattyacids is in the range of 1:7-1:40.

In yet further embodiment, the molar ratio between TQ and the omega-3fatty acids is in the range of 1:30-1:150.

The molar ratios disclosed hereinabove and demonstrated in the workingexamples provided hereinbelow, are generally those that result in asynergistic interaction between TQ and omega-3 fatty acids, with respectto the anti-inflammatory effects of the composition of the presentinvention.

In some cases, the composition of the invention disclosed herein mayfurther comprise DIM, and/or its precursor indole-3-carbinol (I3C).

In one highly-preferred embodiment of the present invention, BC is themain or sole source of TQ. In such cases, TQ may be present in a formselected from the group consisting of intact BC seeds, ground BC seeds,BC seed oil, solvent extracts of BC seeds, supercritical CO₂ extracts ofBC oils, and/or partially purified extracts, purified extracts and/orfractions thereof. However, other forms of BC (such as extracts ofvarious portions of the BC plant) may also be used to provide the TQ forthe present composition.

Alternatively, the source of TQ in the presently-disclosed compositionmay be the oregano plant, specifically plants of the Origanum genus,more preferably species such as O. vulgare and O. syriacum, but alsoincluding other known species, subspecies and variants of oregano. Inthis embodiment, TQ may be present in the composition in a form selectedfrom the group consisting of intact oregano seeds, ground oregano seeds,oregano seed oil, solvent extracts of oregano seeds, supercritical CO₂extracts of oregano oils, oregano plant extracts and/or partiallypurified extracts, purified extracts and/or fractions thereof.

In addition, the TQ used in the composition of the present invention maybe obtained from a variety of other plant sources, including variousplant species of Asteraccae, Cupressaceae, Lamiaceae, and Ranunculaceaefamilies

In another embodiment, the TQ in the composition is synthetic TQ.

In a highly-preferred embodiment of the composition of the presentinvention, TQ is present in the form of cold-pressed BC seed oil.

Various different omega-3 fatty acids (either separately or incombination) may be used in the compositions of the present invention,including the following compounds:

Hexadecatrienoic acid (HTA), α-Linolenic acid (ALA), Stearidonic acid(SDA), Eicosatrienoic acid (ETE), Eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA),Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Heneicosapentaenoic acid (HPA),Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), Clupanodonic acid, Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), Tetracosapentaenoic acid, and Tetracosahexaenoic acid (Nisinicacid)

More preferably, the one or more omega-3 fatty acids are selected fromthe group consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexanoic(DHA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).

In some cases, the omega-3 fatty acids are present in the composition inthe form of highly concentrated oils containing a minimum of 50% w/w DHA& EPA in their free fatty acid or ethyl ester forms, and wherein themolar ratio between DHA and EPA is in the range of 1:1000 to 1000:1.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a dosage formcomprising the composition according to claim 1, wherein said dosageform is selected from the group consisting of a soft gelatin capsule, asprinkle capsule, a sachet, a tablet, a syrup or other pharmaceuticallyacceptable oral dosage form.

In a preferred embodiment of the above-mentioned dosage forms, theamount of TQ present is in the range of 1-15% (w/w) of the amount ofomega-3 fatty acid(s). Generally, the amount of TQ in each dosage formis in the range of 0.1-5,000 mg. The amount of omega-3 fatty acid ineach dosage form is generally in the range of 0.5-10,000 mg.

In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to a method forthe treatment, prevention, attenuation or inhibition of the progressionof an inflammatory disease or a disease having an inflammatory componentin a mammalian subject, comprising the administration of a compositionof the present invention, as disclosed hereinabove and described in moredetail hereinbelow. In a preferred embodiment, the mammalian subject isa human subject.

The term ‘a disease having an inflammatory component’ should beunderstood as referring to any disease or health disorder, in whichinflammatory processes may form part of the pathogenic process. Thesemay include conditions which are not primarily considered to beinflammatory diseases, such as various types of neoplastic conditionsand certain metabolic disorders, cardiac disease, and so on.

In the method of the present invention, the daily dosage of TQadministered to the subject generally constitutes approximately 1-15%(w/w) of the amount of administered omega-3 fatty acid(s). The totaldaily amount of TQ administered to the subject may be in the range of0.1-5,000 mg, while the total daily amount of omega-3 fatty acid isgenerally in the range of 0.5-10,000 mg.

In some embodiments of the presently-disclosed method, the inflammatorydisease may be selected from the group consisting of rheumatoidarthritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, atherosclerosis, periodontitis,ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, AMD.other possible eye inflammatory related diseases, inflammatory boweldisease and asthma.

The present invention also encompasses a composition as defined hereinfor use as a medicament.

The present invention is also directed to a composition as definedhereinabove and described hereinbelow for use in the treatment,prevention, attenuation or inhibition of the progression of aninflammatory disease or a disease having an inflammatory component.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to the use of acomposition as described and defined herein in the preparation of amedicament for the treatment, prevention, attenuation or inhibition ofthe progression of an inflammatory disease or a disease having aninflammatory component.

Furthermore, in certain preferred embodiments, the compositionadditionally comprises diindolylmethane (DIM), and/or its precursorindole-3-carbinol (I3C)

These and other aspects of the invention will become apparent from thedescription of the invention which follows below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a chart depicting some of the known biological effects of DIM.

FIG. 2 graphically depicts the result of a comparative study in which asignificantly greater anti-inflammatory effect is seen when thecomposition of the invention is prepared using a BC oil containing ahigh concentration of TQ.

FIG. 3 graphically demonstrates the synergistic interaction seen betweenTQ and omega-3 fatty acids in a model of NO production in culturedmurine macrophages.

FIG. 4 is at bar graph demonstrating a synergistic anti-inflammatoryeffect of compositions of the present invention in an in vivo paw edemamodel in rats.

FIG. 5 presents the results of a study comparing compositions of thepresent invention having different weight ratio combinations of TQ andomega-3 fatty acids (the latter used at concentrations of 8.8 and 17.6μM) with respect to their synergistic anti-inflammatory activities in anin vitro model of NO release.

FIG. 6 presents the results of a study comparing compositions of thepresent invention having different weight ratio combinations of TQ andomega-3 fatty acids (the latter used at a concentration of 4.4 μM) withrespect to their synergistic anti-inflammatory activities in an in vitromodel of NO release.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a novel combination composition,comprising two actives: TQ and omega-3 fatty acids or esters. In oneembodiment, said composition further comprises DIM. This composition isactive as an immune modulating and anti-inflammatory agent. Preferably,the molar ratios between the TQ and the omega-3 fatty acids are chosensuch that there is a measurable synergistic interaction between thosetwo components, with respect to the anti-inflammatory activities of thecomposition.

The compositions of the present invention may be used to treat orprevent many different inflammatory conditions and diseases, including,but not limited to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disease(IBD), asthma, pelvic inflammatory disease, atherosclerosis,periodontitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis andmultiple sclerosis.

In one embodiment, there are provided fixed dose compositions for thesystemic treatment or prevention of inflammatory diseases, comprising TQand omega-3 fatty acids or their esters, preferably ethyl esters. Inanother embodiment, the fixed dose composition comprises BC-concentratedTQ, 3,3-diindolylmethane (DIM) and omega-3 fatty acids or their esters,preferably ethyl esters These compositions may further comprise othernutritionally or pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, including, butnot limited to antioxidants, preferably oil-soluble antioxidants,selected from ascorbic acid, vitamin E, tocopherol, BHA, BHT, vitamin ETPGS, surface active materials selected from the group comprising Span,lecithin, Brij, sucrose esters (preferably those with low HLB values)and mixtures thereof.

The amount of TQ in unit-dosage forms of the composition of the presentinvention may vary from 0.1-5,000 mg, preferably from 20 mg to 350 mg,more preferably 50-110 mg. When present, the DIM dosage in theunit-dosage forms may vary from 10 mg to 200 mg, preferably between 30mg and 200 mg and most preferably between 30 mg and 100 mg of DIM perdose unit. The DIM used in the compositions is preferably of thepurified pharmaceutically acceptable quality, having an assay in excessof 99.0%, preferably more than 99.5% and most preferably in excess of99.7%. DIM used for the manufacture of the instant compositions will beoptionally micronized or preferably nanosized. In some embodiments, theamount of DIM in the dosage forms and/or compositions of the presentinvention is 1-15% of the amount of omega-3 fatty acid.

The omega-3 fatty acids—either in their free fatty acid form or asesters (preferably ethyl esters)—are present in the unit-dosage forms inan amount in the range of 0.5-10,000 mg, preferably from 200 mg to 2000mg, more preferably between 500 mg and 900 mg and most preferablybetween 600 mg and 850 mg.

The omega-3 fatty acids or esters in the compositions of this inventioncontain predominantly EPA and DHA, in ratios that may vary between1:1000 and 1000:1. The esters may be triglycerides or lower alkylesters, preferably ethyl esters of the omega-3 fatty acids. In somecases, the ratio between EPA and DHA will be in the range between 1:2and 2:1, between 2:1 and 1:1, between 1.5:1 and 1:1 or 1.25:1. In othercases, pure or almost pure EPA or DHA in their different forms may beused. In addition, other omega-3 fatty acids (included those listedhereinabove) may be used to prepare the compositions of the presentinvention.

The mixtures of the EPA/DHA ethyl esters are oils, preferably highlyconcentrated oils, containing at least 50% DHA & EPA ethyl esters,preferably 85% or more of DHA & EPA ethyl esters. The compositions ofthis invention, comprising DIM, omega-3 fatty acid esters and optionallyother naturally origin entities synergistically act entities, will beadministered in effective doses, in the form of defined pharmaceuticaldosage forms, or in other forms suitable for use as nutraceuticals, foodand beverages, additives for food and beverages, and so on. Thecomposition may be administered or consumed either once daily, orseveral times each day.

In one embodiment, the compositions may be administered in the form ofsoft gelatin capsules (SGC), sprinkle capsules, sachets, tablets orsyrup or any other commonly used and pharmaceutically acceptable oraldosage forms.

The soft gelatin capsules (SGC) may, in one embodiment, comprise about10-200 mg of the TQ/fatty acid esters combination. One example of SGCcomposition is as follows:

-   -   a. 10-200 mg TQ in each SGC.    -   b. 300-900 mg of highly concentrated EPA & DHA triglycerides or        preferably their EE (ethyl esters; minimum 50% w/w), with        EPA/DHA ratios from 1:2-2:1    -   c. Optionally 1-20 mg of lycopene/lutein or combination of        lutein and other naturally origin entity.    -   d. Optionally 4-8 mg Vitamin E (or an alternative antioxidant)    -   e. Optionally surface active materials like Span, vitamin E        TPGS, lecithin or similar

In another embodiment, the SGC formulation may comprise about 0.1-2grams of the TQ/DIM/fatty acid ester combination. An exemplarycomposition is detailed in the following:

-   -   a. 10-200 mg TQ in each SGC.    -   b. 10-200 mg DIM (preferably micronized or nanosized) in each        SGC.    -   c. 300-900 mg of highly concentrated EPA & DHA triglycerides or        preferably their EE (minimum 50% w/w), with EPA/DHA ratios from        1:2-2:1    -   d. Optionally 1-20 mg of lycopene/lutein or combination of        lutein and other naturally origin entity.    -   e. Optionally 4-8 mg Vitamin E (or an alternative antioxidant)    -   f. Optionally surface active materials like Span, vitamin E        TPGS, lecithin or similar

The compositions of this invention may be manufactured by a processcomprising

-   -   a. Weighing omega-3 oil.    -   b. Adding the TQ.    -   c. Adding the inactive ingredients selected from antioxidants        and surface active materials.    -   d. Mixing until all components dissolve in the oil.    -   e. Optionally adding micronized or nanosized DIM in oil mixture        (such as MCT oil and TPGS) to the oily mixture.    -   f. Mixing until fully dissolved or suspended;    -   g. Optionally heating up to 50 deg C., for less than two hrs.        under nitrogen blanketing.    -   h. Filling in soft gelatin capsules.

All of the above stages are optionally carried out under nitrogenblanketing.

Various alternative methods for preparing the composition of the presentinvention may also be used.

In another embodiment, there is provided a method of treatment of apatient in need thereof for the treatment, prevention, attenuation orinhibition of the progression of an inflammatory disease byadministration of a synergistic fixed dose combination of TQ and anomega-3 fatty acid or its ethyl ester.

In a further embodiment of the above-disclosed method, the synergisticfixed dose combination further comprises 3,3-diindolylmethane (DIM).

When present in the fixed dose compositions, the DIM is preferably in amicronized or nanosized form.

The fixed dose compositions of the instant invention are administered inthe form of a soft gelatin capsule, a sprinkle capsule, a sachet, atablet, bulk powder, solution or a syrup or other pharmaceuticallyacceptable oral dosage form.

The other nutritionally and pharmaceutically acceptable ingredientspresent in the compositions may include antioxidants (preferablyoil-soluble antioxidants) selected from the group comprising ascorbicacid, vitamin E, tocopherol, BHA, BHT, vitamin E TPGS and mixturesthereof and surface active materials selected from the group comprisingSpan, lecithin, Brij, sucrose esters (preferably those with low HLBvalues) and mixtures thereof. Carotenoids including (but not limited to)lutein and lycopene can be added as well, for their additional healthbenefits.

The methods claimed in this invention are intended for use in thetreatment and/or prevention of inflammatory diseases, including (but notlimited to) those belonging to the group comprising rheumatoidarthritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, atherosclerosis, periodontitis,ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis,inflammatory bowel disease and asthma.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention which are, forclarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also beprovided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in thecontext of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or inany suitable subcombination.

Although the invention has been described in conjunction with specificembodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modificationsand variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives,modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scopeof the appended claims.

Specific examples of the present invention will now be described in thefollowing working examples. While these examples illustrate andexemplify some of the key features of the present invention, they do notlimit its scope in any way.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Formulation Containing Omega-3 Oil, BC Oil and DIM

Weigh 500 gr of highly concentrated omega-3 oil containing 50% w/wEPA&DHA EE in a ratio of approximately 1:1.

Add 50 gr of micronized DIM, 50 gr standardized BC oil and 10 gr ofvitamin E TPGS

Mix under nitrogen for one hour and fill into soft gelatin capsules(SGC), 50 mg DIM, 45 mg BC and 450 mg omega 3 EE's mixture per capsule.

EPA&DHA EE

This product was supplied as ROPUFA®‘75’ n-3 EE Oil

ROPUFA®‘75’ n-3 EE Oil is an oily liquid with a very faint, fish likeodor.

It contains at least 75% n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in theform of ethyl esters, predominantly as eicospentaenoic acid (EPA) anddocosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

It is stabilized with Mixed Tocopherols and Ascorbyl palmitate. Rosemaryextract is used as a processing aid.

Specification

Appearance: oily liquidColor: yellowishAcid value: max. 3.0 mg KOH/gPeroxide value: max. 5.0 mEq/kgp-Anisidine value: max. 10Totox number: max. 20.0

Absorbance (at 233 nm): max. 0.60 Water: 10%

EPA content (area percent): min. 42%DHA content (area percent) min 22%

Example 2 A Formulation Containing Omega-3 Oil, BC Oil and DIM

Weigh 1000 gr of highly concentrated omega 3 oil containing 75% w/wEPA&DHA EE's in a ratio of 1.2:1.

Add 150 gr micronized DIM, 30 g lecithin, 50 gr standardized BC oil and20 gr vitamin E TPGS

Mix under nitrogen for one hour and fill into soft gelatin capsules(SGC), filling 1000 mg of the above mixture in each capsule

Prepare the SGC of Examples 1-2 According to the Following Process

Add lutein, antioxidants like vitamin E, C, or similar, surface activematerials like lecithin to the omega 3 oil.

Mix until all components dissolve in the oil.

Add the micronized/nanosized DIM to the oily mixture.

Mix until fully dissolved or suspended; if required heat up to 50 degC., for no longer than two hours.

Fill in soft gelatin capsules.

Perform the above mentioned process under nitrogen blanket.

Example 3 Dose-Dependent Inhibition of Nitric Oxide (NO) Production byBC Oil Containing Different Concentrations of TQ

As mentioned hereinabove, the present inventors have now found that BCpreparations containing greater than about 0.6% TQ are significantlymore active as anti-inflammatory agents than BC containingconcentrations of TQ lower than this level.

The following study was conducted using (i) a fresh cold press extractof BC containing 1.1% TQ from Ness Oil, Israel, and (ii) a secondextract sourced from Ness oil containing 0.3% TQ.

The fatty acid content of both preparations was measured, and bothproducts were found to have the same fatty acid profile:

Fatty Acid Profile: Myristic Acid: 2.4% Palmitic Acid: 13.0% StearicAcid: 2.3% Oleic Acid: 23.1% Linolic Acid: 53.2% Linolenic Acid: 1.0%Others: 4.2% Total PUFA: 54.2%.

These two different BC preparations were then tested for their abilityto inhibit NO production, in accordance with the method describedhereinbelow in Example 4.

The results of this comparative study are shown in FIG. 2 . It may beseen from this figure that the BC preparation containing 1.1% TQ causedan inhibition of NO production that was approximately 7-fold greaterthan that caused by the more commonly used BC preparation containing0.3% TQ. In view of this significant difference between the twopreparations, for the purpose of the present invention, only BCpreparations having greater than 0.6%, and more preferably greater than1% concentrations of TQ were used.

Example 4 Cytokine Release Study

BC-concentrated TQ (obtained from TriNutra, Ness Ziona, Israel), Omega-3oil (fish oil-FO) and Diindolylmethane (DIM) were tested on a macrophagemurine cellular system (RAW 264.7) before stimulation withLipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin which induces a strong responsefrom normal animal immune systems. The inflammatory effect wasdemonstrated by the production of Nitric Oxide (NO), which was measuredby Griess reagent which detects nitrite (NO2) production.

Test Procedures Cell Culturing

Cells were thawed, grown and managed according to standard protocols.

On Day 0, cells were seeded in 6-well plates at concentrations of 6×10⁵.Volume of medium per well was 2 ml. Cells were seeded in triplicates foreach treatment and for each control.

Formulations Culture Medium

10% FCS, 1% Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution, 2% Glutamine 2% were addedto DMEM (final volume −500 ml) and filtered. Medium was kept at 2-8° C.until use.

LPS

10 mg LPS was dissolved in 10 ml sterile water aliquoted and kept at−20° C.

Before use 1 aliquot was defrosted and diluted in culture media to finalconcentration of 5 ng/ml.

Fish Oil

MW of Fish oil 300 g/mol.

Test items were dissolved in 100% ethanol to form 100 mM concentration.

Further dilutions were made in culture medium.

10% of test item in concentration ×10 was added to each well accordingto study plan.

DIM

MW of DIM is 246 g/mol

Stock solution (100 mM) was prepared in 100% DMSO.

10% of test item in concentration ×10 was added to each well accordingto the study plan.

Before use medium was taken out and pre-warmed at 37° C. bath forminimum 20 min.

BC-Concentrated TQ

Stock solution (100 mM) was prepared in 100% DMSO.

10% of test item in concentration ×10 was added to each well accordingto the study plan.

Before use medium was taken out and pre-warmed at 37° C. bath forminimum 20 min.

Preparation of Elisa Kits Wash (Original X25)

For 1 plate-25 ml wash concentrated (X25) were diluted with 600 mldistilled water to reach 625 m

Test Items and LPS (Lipopolysaccharide) Stimulation

At day 1, medium was replaced, and the following materials were added infinal volume of 1.5 ml, then cells were treated with 5 ng/ml LPSovernight:

After 3 hours of pre-treatment with FO at final concentrations of 15 □M.

After 3 hours of pre-treatment with DIM at final concentrations of 15□M.

After 3 hours of pre-treatment with BC-concentrated TQ at finalconcentrations of 10 □M.

After 3 hours of pre-treatment with FO and BC-concentrated TQ at finalconcentrations of 15 μM and 10 μM, respectively.

After 3 hours of pre-treatment with FO, DIM and BC-concentrated TQ, atfinal concentrations of 15 μM, 15 μM and 10 μM, respectively.

As a control cells were treated with:

LPS only (with no test material) at time +3

LPS (time 3 h)+DMSO.

The results of this study are shown in the bar graph presented in FIG. 3. It may be seen from this figure that when tested separately, fish oil,high TQ concentration BC and DIM each caused inhibition of NO productionby the cultured cells. It is to be further noted that when Fish oil andBC were used in combination, the degree of inhibition of NO production(approximately 45%) was higher than the total of the inhibition causedby each of the two components when tested separately (approximately28%), Similarly, when fish oil, BC and DIM were used in combination, thedegree of NO inhibition caused by that combination (approximately 85%)was greater than the total of the inhibition caused by each of its threecomponents when tested separately (approximately 50%).

These results indicate that there is a synergistic interaction betweenomega 3 fatty acids, TQ and DIM when used together in variouscombinations in anti-inflammatory compositions.

Example 5 Screening Study for Synergistic Anti-Inflammatory Effect ofCombinations of (i) Omega 3 and BC and (ii) Omega 3, BC and DIM onCarrageenan-Induced Paw Edema Model in Rats

The study was carried out by Pharmaseed Ltd.-Israel.

The principle of the study was based on testing the anti-inflammatoryeffect of the tested items on acute inflammation induced by subcutaneousinjection of Carrageenan into rat paw. The effect was evaluated bymeasurements of the thermal Hyperalgesia in the paw 3 and 6 hours postCarrageenan injection.

Study End Point

Measurements of response time to thermal stimulus at 3 and 6 hours postCarrageenan administration

Clinical Observations

A total of 101 rats were utilized. Each tested group included n=10-15animals. The number of groups and the total number of animals was basedon previous studies demonstrating that this is the minimum number ofanimals per group sufficient to obtain indicative/significantinformation.

Oral (gavage) was the sponsor's preferred route of administration of thetested items.

MCT (medium chain triglyceride) was used as vehicle to prepare the testitem solution

Indomethacin was used as reference drug.

Animals

Species/Strain: Rats/Sprague-Dawley (SD)

Gender/Number/Age: Male/101/per weight 175-225 g

Body weight: The minimum and maximum weights of the group did not exceed±20% of group mean weight of 229 g at study initiation.

Acclimation period: 10-11 days.

Identification: Three position ear notching and cage cards.

Diet: Animals were fed ad libitum a commercial rodent diet (TekladCertified Global 18% Protein Diet cat #: 106S8216). Animals had freeaccess to acidified drinking water (pH between 2.5 and 3.0) obtainedfrom the municipality supply.

Randomization: Animals were allocated into 4 groups [1. Vehicle (noanti-inflammatory treatment) 2. Positive control (indomethacin), 3BCconcentrated TQ+FO, 4. BC concentrated TQ+FO+DIM, according to theirbody weight.

Duration of the Experimental Period: 18 Days Time Line

Ten-Eleven days of acclimatization period

Test items loading by daily oral gavages for 10 days

Hot plate test baseline determination

Carrageenan injection

Hot plate test 3 and 6 hours after Carrageenan injection

Procedures

Following completion of the acclimatization period, the rats were loadedwith the tested items orally by gavages for 10 days prior to Carrageenaninjection. On day 11, one hour before Carrageenan injection, all animalswere tested in the hot plate test to determine the baseline responsetime of each animal to the thermal stimulus.

Thermal Stimulus Measurements

One hour before the 3 and 6 hours post Carrageenan injection the ratswere transported to the testing room and left undisturbed for at least15 min. before the test. Illumination in the testing room was 100-130Lux at the level of the bench (red light). The hot plate was maintainedthermostatically at a temperature of 50° C. One rat per time wasintroduced into the hot plate platform and Carrageenan injected andcontrol paw lifting or jump (the response) were retained as criteria.The latency of the response was measured in a blind manner. In absenceof response, a 60 sec. cut off is used to prevent tissue damage.

Administration of the Test Material

After the acclimatization, the rats were loaded with the tested itemsorally by gavages for 10 days prior to Carrageenan injection.Indomethacin was dissolved in saline and given orally by gavages 1 hbefore carrageenan injection.

Clinical Observations

Clinical observations were performed twice weekly during the studyperiod. No clinical signs were observed.

Results Hot Plate Test

Carrageenan-induced inflammation of the rat hind paw is an establishedmodel for persistent pain of inflammatory origin. The latency of pawwithdrawal to a thermal stimulus was used as an index of inflammatoryhyperalgesia in awake rats.

As shown in FIG. 4 , both the composition comprising a combination ofOmega 3 and BC concentrated TQ and the combination of Omega 3, BCconcentrated TQ and DIM significantly decreased carrageenan-inducedthermal hyperalgesia at both 3 hours and 6 hours after carrageenanadministration, compared to vehicle treated control. In addition, it maybe seen that the magnitude of this effect is similar to that seen withthe indomethacin positive control.

Example 6 Effect of Compositions Comprising Different Weight RatioCombinations of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and TQ on the Production of NO inLPS-Stimulated Cultured Cells

In this study, the same model of cultured murine macrophage cells asdescribed in Example 4, hereinabove, was used to determine the effect ofvarying the ratio of TQ and omega 3 fatty acids on the amount of NOproduction inhibition observed. The details of the cultured cells andthe NO production assay are the same as those provided in Example 4.

The omega-3 fatty acids used in this study were obtained from Kinomega(Product no. 4638 KB (Deyang City, China) containing 46% EPA and 38% DHAin their ethyl ester forms).

TQ was added to the composition in the form of cold-pressed BC oil,supplied by TriNutra, Ness Ziona, Israel, having a TQ concentration of2% w/w.

The BC oil was tested at a range of dilutions (from 1:200,000 to1:1,000,000), in combination with three different concentrations ofomega-3 fatty acid: 4.4, 8.8 and 17.6 μM.

The molar concentration of TQ in each of these dilutions is given in thefollowing table:

BC oil [TQ] dilution μM 1:200,000 0.61 1:300,000 0.41 1:400,000 0.311:500,000 0.24 1:700,000 0.17 1:1,000,000 0.12

The molar ratio of TQ:omega for each of the tested combinations is,therefore, as follows:

[TQ] [omega] μM μM TQ:omega 0.61 4.4 1:7.21 0.41 4.4 1:10.73 0.31 4.41:14.19 0.24 4.4 1:18.33 0.17 4.4 1:25.88 0.12 4.4 1:36.67 0.61 8.81:14.43 0.41 8.8 1:21.46 0.31 8.8 1:28.39 0.24 8.8 1:36.67 0.17 8.81:51.76 0.12 8.8 1:73.33 0.61 17.6 1:28.85 0.41 17.6 1:42.93 0.31 17.61:56.77 0.24 17.6 1:73.33 0.17 17.6 1:103.53 0.12 17.6 1:146.67

FIG. 5 presents three bar graphs summarizing the results for the variousBC dilutions tested in combination with omega-3 fatty acids, whereinsaid fatty acids were present at a concentration of either 8.8 or 17.6μM. The BC oil dilution factor is shown along the X-axis, while thepercentage inhibition of NO production by the treated LPS-stimulatedcultured macrophage line is shown on the Y-axis. The percentageinhibition values actually obtained are indicated immediately above eachbar.

The upper of the three graphs in FIG. 5 presents the results for thevarious BC dilutions alone, that is, in the absence of omega-3 fattyacids. The middle of the three graphs presents the results obtained whenthe TQ (in the BC dilutions) was tested in combination with 8.8 μMomega-3 fatty acid, while the lower graph relates to the combinationscontaining 17.6 μM omega-3 fatty acid. In the middle and lower graphs ofthis figure, the height of the greyed-in lower portion of each barindicates the percentage NO production inhibition that would haw beenexpected from the results obtained for the corresponding concentrationof omega-3 fatty acids and TQ, when tested alone (i.e. the expectedadditive results). Thus, the unshaded upper portion of each barrepresents a degree of inhibition that is greater than additive, i.e. asynergistic effect.

It will be noted that at all TQ concentrations tested in combinationwith either 8.8 or 17.6 μM omega-3 fatty acids, a synergisticanti-inflammatory effect was observed.

A lower concentration of omega-3 fatty acids (4.4 μM) was tested in aseparate experiment, using the same conditions as for the studysummarized in FIG. 5 . The results for the various combinations of TQ(at different concentrations) and this lower omega-3 fatty acidconcentration are shown in FIG. 6 . As with FIG. 5 , the upper graph inFIG. 6 presents the results for the various BC dilutions alone, that is,in the absence of omega-3 fatty acids. Similarly, the lower graphpresents the results for the various BC dilutions in combination withthe 4.4 μM concentration omega-3. It may be seen from this lower graphthat a synergistic effect is observed with all of the combinationstested.

It may be concluded from these results that over the range of TQ:omega-3fatty acid molar ratios tested, there is an unexpected synergisticinteraction between TQ and omega-3 fatty acids, with respect to theirability to inhibit NO production.

Example 7 Effect of Compositions Comprising Combinations of DifferentOmega-3 Fatty Acid Preparations with TQ on the Production of NO inLPS-Stimulated Cultured Cells

In this study, the experiments reported in Example 6 were repeated atselected TQ:omega-3 fatty acid ratios using omega-3 fatty acidpreparations (obtained from Kinomega, China).

The results for each of a low EPA-high DHA and a high EPA-low DHAomega-3 fatty acid preparation are summarized in the following twotables:

10% EPA/74% DHA:

TQ + TQ + Omega 3 Omega 3 Omega 3 predicted Actual concentration NOProduction NO Production TQ:Omega 3 μM % of Inhibition % of Inhibitionmolar ratio 16 33.80 62 1:10 12 37.80 79 1:20 24 48.80 86 1:40

TQ + TQ + Omega 3 Omega 3 Omega 3 predicted Actual concentration NOProduction NO Production TQ:Omega 3 μM % of Inhibition % of Inhibitionmolar ratio 16 37.70% 55% 1:10 12 42.80% 66% 1:20 24 49.80% 82% 1:40

In each case, the TQ concentration in the combination was 0.61 μM.

It may be seen from the results presented in these tables that both thelow EPA-high DHA and be high EPA-low DHA omega-3 preparations tested,displayed the same unexpected synergistic behavior with regard to NOproduction inhibition as did the more evenly balanced (46% EPA, 38% DHA)preparation tested in Example 6.

1. A composition comprising a combination of TQ and one or more omega-3fatty acids, wherein the molar ratio between said TQ and said one ormore omega-3 fatty acids is at least 1:7.
 2. The composition of claim 1,wherein the omega-3 fatty acids are in the form of free fatty acids,ethyl esters, or combinations thereof.
 3. The composition according toclaim 1, wherein the molar ratio between TQ and the omega-3 fatty acidsis in the range of 1:7-1:200.
 4. The composition according to claim 1,wherein the molar ratio between TQ and the omega-3 fatty acids is in therange of 1:7-1:150.
 5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein themolar ratio between TQ and the omega-3 fatty acids is in the range of1:7-1:140.
 6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the TQ ispresent in the composition in a form selected from the group consistingof intact BC seeds, ground BC seeds, BC seed oil, solvent extracts of BCseeds, supercritical CO₂ extracts of BC oils, and/or partially purifiedextracts, purified extracts and/or fractions thereof.
 7. The compositionaccording to claim 1, wherein the TQ is present in the composition in aform selected from the group consisting of intact oregano seeds, groundoregano seeds, oregano seed oil, solvent extracts of oregano seeds,supercritical CO₂ extracts of oregano oils, and/or partially purifiedextracts, purified extracts and/or fractions thereof.
 8. The compositionaccording to claim 1, wherein the TQ is synthetic TQ.
 9. The compositionaccording to claim 1, wherein the one or more omega-3 fatty acids areselected from the group consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),docosahexanoic (DHA) and alpha-linoienic acid (ALA).
 10. The compositionof claim 1, wherein the omega-3 fatty acids are highly concentrated oilscontaining a minimum of 50% w/w DHA & EPA in their free fatty acid orethyl ester forms, and wherein the molar ratio between DHA and EPA is inthe range of 1:1000 to 1000:1.
 11. The composition of claim 1, furthercomprising 3,3-diindolylmethane (DIM).
 12. A dosage form comprising thecomposition according to claim 1, wherein said dosage form is selectedfrom the group consisting of a soft gelatin capsule, a sprinkle capsule,a sachet, a tablet, a syrup or other pharmaceutically acceptable oraldosage form.
 13. The dosage form according to claim 12, wherein theamount of TQ in said dosage form is 1-15% of the amount of omega-3 fattyacid.
 14. The dosage form according to claim 12, further comprising3,3-diindolylmethane (DIM), wherein the amount of TQ in said dosage formis 1-15% of the amount of omega-3 fatty acid and the amount of DIM is1-15% of the amount of omega-3 fatty acid.
 15. A method for thetreatment, prevention, attenuation or inhibition of the progression ofan inflammatory disease or a disease having an inflammatory component ina mammalian subject, comprising the administration of a compositionaccording to claim
 1. 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein theinflammatory disease is selected from the group consisting of rheumatoidarthritis, pelvic inflammatory disease, atherosclerosis, periodontitis,ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, AMD,other possible eye inflammatory related diseases, inflammatory boweldisease and asthma.
 17. The method according to claim 15, wherein themammalian subject is a human.
 18. A composition according to claim 1 foruse as a medicament.
 19. A composition according to claim 1 for use inthe treatment, prevention, attenuation or inhibition of the progressionof an inflammatory disease or a disease having an inflammatorycomponent.